Computational mathematics involves mathematical research in areas of science where computing plays a central and essential role, emphasizing algorithms, numerical methods, and symbolic methods. Computation in the research is prominent.^[1] Computational mathematics emerged as a distinct part of applied mathematics by the early 1950s. Currently, computational mathematics can refer to or include:

• computational science, also known as scientific computation or computational engineering
• solving mathematical problems by computer simulation as opposed to analytic methods of applied mathematics
• numerical methods used in scientific computation, for example numerical linear algebra and numerical solution of partial differential equations
• stochastic methods,^[2] such as Monte Carlo methods and other representations of uncertainty in scientific computation, for example stochastic finite elements
• the mathematics of scientific computation^[3] (the theoretical side involving mathematical proofs^[4]), in particular numerical analysis, the theory of numerical methods (but theory of computation and complexity of algorithms belong to theoretical computer science)
• symbolic computation and computer algebra systems
• computer-assisted research in various areas of mathematics, such as logic (automated theorem proving), discrete mathematics (search for mathematical structures such as groups), number theory (primality testing and factorization), cryptography, and computational algebraic topology
• computational linguistics, the use of mathematical and computer techniques in natural languages
• Computational geometry
• Computational topology
• Computational number theory
• Algorithmic information theory
• Algorithmic game theory

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Cucker, F. (2003). Foundations of Computational Mathematics: Special Volume. Handbook of Numerical Analysis. North-Holland Publishing. ISBN 978-0-444-51247-5. 
• Harris, J. W.; Stocker, H. (1998). Handbook of Mathematics and Computational Science. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-94746-4. 
• Hartmann, A.K. (2009). Practical Guide to Computer Simulations. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-283-415-7. http://www.worldscibooks.com/physics/6988.html. 
• Yang, X. S. (2008). Introduction to Computational Mathematics. World Scientific Publishing. ISBN 978-981-281-817-1. 
• Nonweiler, T. R. (1986). Computational Mathematics: An Introduction to Numerical Approximation. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-20260-9. 
• Gentle, J. E. (2007). Foundations of Computational Science. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-00450-1. 

External links[link]

• Foundations of Computational Mathematics: a non-profit organization

Petr Hájek (born 6 February 1940 in Prague; Czech pronunciation: [ˈpɛtr̩ ˈɦaːjɛk]) is a Czech scientist in the area of mathematical logic^[1] and a professor of mathematics. He works at the Institute of Computer Science at the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic and worked as a lecturer at the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics at the Charles University in Prague and at the Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering of the Czech Technical University in Prague, now just at the last one.

Petr Hájek studied at the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics of the Charles University in Prague and afterwards at the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague as well. He specialized in set theory, arithmetic, later also in logic and artificial intelligence. He contributed to establishing the mathematical fundamentals of fuzzy logic.^[2] During the communist rule in Czechoslovakia he refused to cooperate with the State Security.^[2] Following the Velvet Revolution he was appointed a senior lecturer (1993), and a professor (1997). From 1992 to 2000 he held the position of chairman of the Institute of Computer Science at the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. From 1996 to 2003 he was also president of the Kurt Gödel Society.^[3] In 2006, he was awarded the Medal for Merits in the area of sciences by President of the Czech Republic Václav Klaus.

Papers[link]

• Hájek, Petr; Kalášek, Pavel; Kůrka, Petr (1960). O dynamické logice. Praha: Academia. 
• Vopěnka, Petr; Hájek, Petr (1972). The Theory of Semisets. Trans. Jech, T. and Rousseau, G. Praha: Academia. 
• Hájek, Petr; Havránek, Tomáš; Chytil, Metoděj K. (1983). Metoda GUHA: automatická tvorba hypotéz. Praha: Academia. 
• Hájek, Petr; Pudlák, Pavel (1993). Metamatemathics of First-Order Arithmetic. Berlin: Springer. 

See also[link]

• Semiset

References[link]

External links[link]

• Petr Hájek's webpage
• Databases of the National Library of the Czech Republic
• President bestowed state distinction, press release (Czech)
• Náš host: Matematik s hudebními sklony, 26-05-2007, Zdeněk Vališ, Český rozhlas, talk, text, and audio (Czech)
• Slezská Universita v Opavě doctor honoris causa (Czech)

Emily Carter (born December 1960 in New York City) is an American writer.^[1] She has been married to ex-punk rock guitarist (Christian Death, The Joneses, The Mau-Mau's) Johnnie Sage Ammentorp since 1999. They divide their time between New Haven, CT and New York City.

Life[link]

High School: Robert Louis Stevenson School for Gifted Underachievers. College: New York University. Her work appeared in The New Yorker,^[2] Story, Gathering of the Tribes, Between C & D, Artforum, Open City, Great River Review, and Poz.

Awards[link]

• 1996 McKnight Foundation Artist Fellowship for Writers Grant
• 1998 The Loft Literary Center Grant
• 2001 Whiting Writers' Award for Fiction

Works[link]

• "WLUV", Barcelona Review

• Glory Goes and Gets Some. Coffee House Press. 2000. ISBN 978-1-56689-101-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=cQdOouAZux8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Emily+Carter&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false. 

Anthologies[link]

• Garrison Keillor, Katrina Kenison, ed. (1998). The Best American Short Stories. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-87514-8. 

References[link]

External links[link]

• "A word with the writer: Emily Carter", Collected Stories, 2000
• "Tales of the City": Emily Carter interviewed by Claude Peck" "POZ Magazine," August 1998
• "An Encyclopedia of Little Abominations": Emily Carter interview featured on cover of City Pages, Minneapolis, August 30, 2000